TAMAPROJECTRESEARCH / SLR
01 / PAPER EXPLORERDRAFT RESEARCH

FOREST ECOSYSTEMS × INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Integrating AI/ML, Geospatial, and Ecosystem Service Modelling for the Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystems within the SEEA-EA Framework:A Systematic Literature Review

Menelusuri hubungan antara kecerdasan buatan, pemetaan hutan, dan nilai ekonomi jasa ekosistem.

Jelajahi paper ↓
FOREST INTELLIGENCEFROM CANOPY TO ACCOUNTING
136artikel dalam sintesis
2013–25periode studi dalam abstrak
4domain integrasi
0studi terintegrasi penuh¹

Semakin presisi memetakan.
Belum utuh menilai.

Kemampuan mengukur kondisi biofisik hutan tumbuh lebih cepat daripada kemampuan menerjemahkannya ke akun ekonomi. Paper ini menyebutnya capabilities mismatch.

MASALAH

Empat domain, jalur yang terputus

Geospasial dan AI/ML mendominasi literatur. Pemodelan jasa ekosistem dan valuasi yang selaras dengan SEEA-EA belum terhubung secara menyeluruh.

TEMUAN SENTRAL

The translation gap

Ketelitian peta belum otomatis menghasilkan nilai tukar jasa ekosistem yang kompatibel dengan akun ekonomi nasional.

¹ Tidak ada integrasi penuh yang ditemukan dalam studi yang dianalisis oleh draft ini; bukan klaim atas seluruh literatur di luar korpus.

Satu pertanyaan besar.
Lima lensa penelitian.

Bagaimana keadaan literatur yang mengintegrasikan AI, geospasial, dan ESM untuk valuasi ekonomi ekosistem hutan dalam kerangka SEEA-EA?

SRQ 1Geospasial & dataSumber data apa yang membentuk gambaran biofisik hutan?

Menelaah sumber penginderaan jauh dan teknik geospasial untuk pemodelan serta akuntansi ekosistem.

Jawaban dari sintesis. Sentinel-2 dan Landsat mendominasi sumber optik; LiDAR, SAR, dan UAV melengkapi informasi struktur serta validasi.

Sumber: §3.3 · Tabel 9
SRQ 2AI & analitikAlgoritma apa yang digunakan untuk mengenali dan memodelkan hutan?

Mengidentifikasi metode AI/ML untuk klasifikasi ekosistem dan pemodelan jasa.

Jawaban dari sintesis. Random Forest paling sering dilaporkan (75 studi); Deep Learning / Neural Networks muncul dalam 54 studi.

Sumber: §3.4 · Tabel 10
SRQ 3Pemodelan & valuasiBagaimana jasa hutan dikuantifikasi di lokasi yang berbeda?

Menelaah alat ESM, metode valuasi, dan penanganan heterogenitas spasial.

Jawaban dari sintesis. InVEST menonjol untuk pemetaan jasa; ARIES menelusuri aliran manfaat; SWAT mendukung pemodelan hidrologi.

Sumber: §3.5 · Tabel 11
SRQ 4Keselarasan SEEA-EASeberapa jauh hasil studi dapat menjadi akun ekosistem?

Membedakan akun fisik, nilai tukar, dan pendekatan berbasis kesejahteraan.

Jawaban dari sintesis. Pemetaan luas dan kondisi lebih matang daripada valuasi moneter dan penelusuran penggunaan jasa.

Sumber: §3.5 · Tabel 12
RQ 5Integrasi & kesenjanganDi mana rantai dari pengamatan ke akuntansi terputus?

Mensintesis hubungan RS/GIS, AI, ESM, dan valuasi dalam satu alur kerja.

Jawaban dari sintesis. Draft tidak menemukan integrasi penuh seluruh domain dalam korpus yang dianalisis.

Sumber: §3.6–3.7 · Kesimpulan

Mengikuti struktur Tabel 1: empat SRQ dan satu pertanyaan sintesis (RQ5).

Dari pencarian literatur
ke 136 studi.

PRISMA 2020 memandu seleksi. Pencarian dilakukan di Scopus dan Web of Science pada November 2025, dengan kerangka PICO yang disesuaikan menjadi PIO / PII/O.

01

Identifikasi

328 Scopus + 515 Web of Science

843
−249 duplikat selisih dari angka draft
02

Screening judul & abstrak

Rekaman unik dikelola menggunakan Rayyan

594
−375 pada tahap screening selisih dari angka draft
03

Menuju penilaian teks lengkap

Artikel yang dicari untuk diperoleh dan dinilai

219
−83 sebelum sintesis akhir rincian alasan tidak direkonstruksi
04

Masuk sintesis

Memenuhi kriteria seleksi penelitian

136

Sumber: §2.4. Angka pengurangan dihitung dari selisih antartahap; bukan rincian alasan eksklusi PRISMA. Jumlah pencarian per fase di §2.3 berbeda dari total ini; lihat catatan draft.

KRITERIA INKLUSI

Relevan, terakses, ditelaah sejawat

Artikel berbahasa Inggris dalam jurnal Q1/Q2, berkaitan dengan hutan serta domain teknologi/akuntansi yang ditinjau. Kriteria tahun menyebut 2012 dan seterusnya; periode korpus dalam abstrak adalah 2013–2025.

KRITERIA EKSKLUSI

Seleksi kualitas & relevansi

Duplikat, teks lengkap tidak terakses, sumber nonjurnal seperti disertasi atau abstrak konferensi, serta studi tanpa data yang diperlukan atau tidak relevan dikeluarkan.

Tiga fase pencarian
  1. PICO: Forest × Remote Sensing × AI/ML × ESM × validasi lapangan × konteks SEEA. Hasil yang dilaporkan: 43 Scopus dan 135 WoS.
  2. PII/O: Forest × AI × Geospatial × Ecosystem Services dengan Valuation/Accounting. Hasil: 215 Scopus dan 374 WoS.
  3. Forest × SEEA: pencarian terarah untuk menangkap studi akuntansi hutan. Hasil: 60 Scopus.

Sumber: §2.3, Tabel 5–7. Total fase = 827; §2.4 menyebut 843. Perbedaan dipertahankan sebagai catatan draft.

Teknologi melaju.
Integrasi tertinggal.

Distribusi tema menunjukkan ketimpangan perhatian penelitian. Satu studi dapat berada dalam lebih dari satu domain.

DOMAIN PENELITIANSTUDI / 136
Geospasial / Remote Sensing110 80.9%

Pengukuran dan pemetaan biofisik

AI / Machine Learning93 68.4%

Klasifikasi, estimasi, dan prediksi

Valuasi ekonomi / SEEA33 24.3%

Tema valuasi atau terminologi akuntansi

Ecosystem Service Modelling18 13.2%

Pemodelan jasa ekosistem

Sumber: Tabel 8. Persentase di atas dihitung dari n/136, dibulatkan satu desimal. Kategori saling tumpang tindih; 33 studi adalah kategori “Valuasi ekonomi / SEEA”, bukan bukti keselarasan penuh.

SRQ 1 / PENGAMATAN BUMI

Multi-sensor untuk membaca hutan

Data optik menyediakan cakupan luas. Sensor aktif dan pengamatan drone melengkapi struktur vertikal, kondisi berawan, dan validasi lapangan.

38

Sentinel-2

Sumber optik yang paling sering disebut; detail spasial untuk penutupan lahan.

33

Landsat

Arsip historis untuk perubahan dan analisis jangka panjang.

16

LiDAR

Informasi struktur tiga dimensi, tinggi kanopi, dan biomassa.

14

UAV / drone

Pengamatan rinci untuk kalibrasi dan validasi skala satelit.

Frekuensi penyebutan menurut §3.3, bukan jumlah sensor yang eksklusif. Kendala: awan, saturasi biomassa, mixed pixels, noise radar, biaya, dan harmonisasi data.

LANSKAP BIBLIOMETRI
33,48%pertumbuhan tahunan
685penulis
59jurnal

China menjadi lokasi studi yang paling banyak dilaporkan (28 studi). Indonesia diwakili satu studi dalam korpus, membuka ruang untuk pengujian pada hutan tropis.

Menurut pembuka Bab 3 dan §3.1. Analisis bibliometri menyebut n=134; berbeda dari 136 artikel pada sintesis. Angka 2025 berbeda antarparagraf (31/32), sehingga tidak dibuat deret waktu rekonstruksi.

Dari kanopi.
Menuju akun ekosistem.

Klik setiap tahap untuk menelusuri masukan, keluaran, dan titik penghubungnya. Alur ini merangkum arah integrasi dalam paper; bukan sistem yang telah divalidasi.

01 / GEOSPASIAL

Membaca kondisi biofisik hutan

Citra satelit, LiDAR, UAV, dan inventarisasi lapangan menyajikan dimensi ruang, waktu, dan struktur hutan.

MASUKAN
Citra optik / SAR, point cloud, plot lapangan
KELUARAN
Data terkoreksi dan terharmonisasi secara spasial
TITIK KRITIS
Awan, skala, ketepatan waktu, dan kualitas ground truth

Jembatan yang belum utuh: physical → monetary

Aliran jasa fisik harus dihubungkan ke penggunaan aktual dan valuasi berbasis nilai tukar. Akurasi klasifikasi yang tinggi saja belum menyelesaikan kebutuhan akuntansi.

Sintesis konseptual dari §3.3–3.7 dan Kesimpulan. Tahap di atas adalah navigasi penjelasan, bukan kalkulator atau hasil implementasi.

Membangun sambungan
yang masih hilang.

01

Otomatisasi dari peta ke tabel akun

Kembangkan alur yang menerjemahkan keluaran computer vision menjadi kuantitas jasa, lalu mengisi tabel akuntansi secara terstruktur.

02

Valuasi yang konsisten dengan nilai tukar

Hubungkan kuantitas fisik dengan metode valuasi yang relevan bagi SEEA-EA. Jelaskan asumsi, batas akun, dan perbedaannya dengan penilaian kesejahteraan.

03

Hubungkan pasokan dengan penggunaan

Bedakan potensi jasa dari aliran yang digunakan oleh unit ekonomi. Pemetaan penerima manfaat menjadi bagian dari alur.

04

Uji di lanskap hutan tropis

Rendahnya representasi Indonesia dalam korpus menunjukkan peluang pengujian lokal, kalibrasi data, serta evaluasi ketidakpastian lintas tahap.

Dirangkum dari pembahasan tantangan, §3.7, dan kesimpulan. Ini adalah agenda penelitian, bukan hasil yang sudah dicapai.

KESIMPULAN PAPER
Presisi biofisik perlu diikuti oleh integrasi metodologis agar pemantauan hutan dapat diterjemahkan menjadi akuntansi ekosistem.
Parafrasa kesimpulan draft.

Terhubung ke
naskah sumber.

Modul ini merangkum draft Integrating AI/ML, Geospatial, and Ecosystem Service Modelling for the Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystems within the SEEA-EA Framework: A Systematic Literature Review yang diunggah oleh peneliti.

Draft paper SLR

Dwi Prasetyo Aji N · dokumen sumber DOCX

Buka peta bukti 136 paper
Abstrak asli (English)

The economic valuation of forest ecosystems is critical for sustainable management, yet traditional approaches often fail to capture non-market services. The adoption of the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) by the United Nations has created a standardized framework to link ecological data with national economic accounts. Simultaneously, the convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and geospatial technologies offers unprecedented capabilities for high-resolution monitoring required by this framework. This study assesses the current state of literature regarding the integration of AI/ML, geospatial technologies, and Ecosystem Service Modelling (ESM) for the economic valuation of forest ecosystems within the SEEA-EA framework. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases. A total of 136 peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2025 were selected and analysed using bibliometric and thematic synthesis methods. The field is experiencing rapid growth with an annual growth rate of 33.48%, heavily dominated by research from China. Technologically, there is a paradigm shift toward high-resolution data (Sentinel-2, LiDAR) and Deep Learning algorithms, which have superseded traditional statistical classifiers. However, the review reveals a significant "Capabilities Mismatch". While 80.88% of studies utilize advanced remote sensing, only 23.52% explicitly address SEEA terminologies. Furthermore, a "Translation Gap" persists: only 35.5% of SEEA-aligned studies apply the required "Exchange Value" methods compatible with national accounting, with many reverting to welfare-based valuations. Currently, technical capabilities in physical data acquisition outpace methodological integration in economic valuation. None of the analysed studies achieved full integration across AI/ML, Geospatial, ESM, for Economic Valuation of forest ecosystems within SEEA-EA domains. Future research must bridge this gap by developing automated workflows that translate high-precision computer vision outputs directly into monetary ecosystem accounting tables.

Catatan konsistensi angka dalam draft
  • Ukuran korpus: abstrak dan seleksi menyebut 136 artikel; pembuka hasil menyebut 134 setelah pembersihan dan pengecualian satu rekaman 2026. Selisihnya perlu dijelaskan pada naskah.
  • Total pencarian: tiga fase menghasilkan 827 rekaman (318 Scopus + 509 WoS), sementara §2.4 menyebut 843 (328 + 515).
  • SEEA: abstrak menyebut 23,52%; §3.5/Tabel 8 menyebut 33 dari 136 (24,26%); bagian keselarasan menyebut 22,8%. Modul memakai label kategori dan jumlah Tabel 8.
  • Tabel 12: 19 + 11 + 2 = 32, sementara judul tabel menyebut n=31. Persentasenya berjumlah 103,3%; perlu penjelasan denominator atau tumpang tindih kategori.
  • Tahun 2025: §3.1 menyebut 32 studi, sedangkan paragraf sintesis tren menyebut 31. Modul tidak mengarang nilai untuk menyatukannya.
  • Proyeksi: angka 2030–2035 pada draft adalah keluaran pemodelan, bukan observasi. Modul tidak menampilkannya sebagai bukti pertumbuhan yang sudah terjadi.

Catatan ini mempertahankan ketertelusuran ke draft, bukan mengganti angka dalam naskah sumber.

Daftar referensi dari naskah

Disalin dari bagian Reference. Entri duplikat dan variasi penulisan pada draft dipertahankan; daftar ini bukan daftar seleksi 136 studi yang sudah direkonsiliasi.

Aksoy, H. (2024). Estimation Stand Volume, Basal Area and Quadratic Mean Diameter Using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Satellite Image With Different Machine Learning Techniques. TRANSACTIONS IN GIS, 28(8), 2687–2704. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.13265

Alage, I., Tan, Y., Akande, A., & Suprijanto, A. (2025). Advanced characterization of deforestation frontiers in Nigeria utilizing deep learning and Bayesian approaches with sentinel-1 SAR imagery. GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2025.2451164

Ali, J., Haoran, W., Mehmood, K., Hussain, W., Iftikhar, F., Shahzad, F., Hussain, K., Qun, Y., & Zhongkui, J. (2025). Remote sensing and integration of machine learning algorithms for above-ground biomass estimation in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations: A case study using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-9 data in northern China. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1577298

Allen, M. J., Moreno-Fernández, D., Ruiz-Benito, P., Grieve, S. W. D., & Lines, E. R. (2024). Low-cost tree crown dieback estimation using deep learning-based segmentation. Environmental Data Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2024.16

Anees, S., Mehmood, K., Khan, W., Sajjad, M., Alahmadi, T., Alharbi, S., & Luo, M. (2024). Integration of machine learning and remote sensing for above ground biomass estimation through Landsat-9 and field data in temperate forests of the Himalayan region. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102732

Angkahad, T., Laosuwan, T., Sangpradid, S., Prasertsri, N., Uttaruk, Y., Phoophathong, T., & Nuchthapho, J. (2025). Developing a Drone-Based Machine Learning for Spatial Modeling and Analysis of Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems. Engineered Science, 35. https://doi.org/10.30919/es1508

Antúnez, P., Wehenkel, C., Basave-Villalobos, E., Calixto-Valencia, C. G., Valenzuela-Encinas, C., Ruiz-Aquino, F., & Sarmiento-Bustos, D. (2025). Predictive Modeling of Volume and Biomass in Pinus pseudostrobus Using Machine Learning and Allometric Approaches. Forest Science and Technology, 21(1), 110–122. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2025.2456295

Aranguren, I., González-Audícana, M., Montero, E., Sanz, J., & Alvarez-Mozos, J. (2025). Assessing the Synergistic Use of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and LiDAR Data for Forest Type and Species Classification. REMOTE SENSING, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122028

Araza, A., de Bruin, S., Hein, L., & Herold, M. (2023). Spatial predictions and uncertainties of forest carbon fluxes for carbon accounting. Scientific Reports, 13(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38935-8

Astola, H., Seitsonen, L., Halme, E., Molinier, M., & Lönnqvist, A. (2021). Deep Neural Networks with Transfer Learning for Forest Variable Estimation Using Sentinel-2 Imagery in Boreal Forest. REMOTE SENSING, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122392

Avtar, R., Rinamalo, A., Umarhadi, D., Gupta, A., Khedher, K., Yunus, A., Singh, B., Kumar, P., Sahu, N., & Sakti, A. (2022). Land Use Change and Prediction for Valuating Carbon Sequestration in Viti Levu Island, Fiji. LAND, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081274

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Seluruh temuan kuantitatif bersumber dari draft yang diunggah, bukan penghitungan ulang dataset paper. Visual kanopi merupakan ilustrasi konseptual berbantuan AI, bukan citra penginderaan jauh.